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Asif Ali Zardari () ); born 26 July 1955)〔(His Excellency Mr. Asif Ali Zardari ) The Presidency of Pakistan. Retrieved 9 August 2012〕 is a Pakistani politician and current co-chairperson of Pakistan People's Party. He served as the 11th President of Pakistan from 2008 to 2013. A landowner from Sindh, Zardari rose to prominence after his marriage to Benazir Bhutto in 1987, becoming the First Gentleman after his wife was elected Prime Minister in 1988. When Bhutto's government was dismissed by President Ghulam Ishaq Khan in 1990, Zardari was widely criticized for involvement in corruption scandals that led to its collapse.〔 When Bhutto was reelected in 1993, Zardari served as Federal Investment Minister and Chairperson Pakistan Environmental Protection Council in her second administration. Following increasing tensions between Bhutto's brother Murtaza and Zardari, Murtaza was killed in a police encounter in Karachi on 20 September 1996.〔(Mir Murtaza was shot dead by the police in 1996 on his way home in Karachi. )〕〔(BBC – Bhuttos: Cursed dynasty )〕 Bhutto's government was dismissed a month later by President Farooq Leghari, while Zardari was arrested and indicted for Murtaza's murder as well as corruption charges.〔"Pakistan ex-premier's spouse indicted for murder". The New York Times. 6 July 1997.〕〔Burns, John F (5 November 1996). "Pakistan's Premier Bhutto is put under house arrest". The New York Times〕 Although incarcerated, he nominally served in Parliament after being elected to the National Assembly in 1990 and Senate in 1997. He was released from jail in 2004 and went into self-exile in Dubai, but returned when Bhutto was assassinated on 27 December 2007. As the new Co-Chairman of the PPP, he led his party to victory in the 2008 general elections. He spearheaded a coalition that forced military ruler Pervez Musharraf to resign, and was elected President on 6 September 2008. He was acquitted of various criminal charges the same year.〔(Zardari acquitted, DAWN 2008 )〕〔(In 2008, Asif Zardari was acquitted of the charges of ordering the murder. )〕 As president, Zardari remained a strong U.S. ally in the war in Afghanistan, despite prevalent public disapproval of the United States following the Raymond Davis incident and the Nato attack in Salala in 2011. Domestically, Zardari achieved the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment in 2010, which constitutionally reduced his presidential powers. His attempt to prevent the reinstatement of Supreme Court judges failed in the face of massive protests led by his political rival Nawaz Sharif. The restored Supreme Court dismissed the PPP's elected Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani for contempt in 2012, after Gillani refused to write to the Government of Switzerland to reopen corruption cases against Zardari. Zardari's tenure was also criticized for mishandling nationwide floods in 2010, and growing terrorist violence. Following multiple bombings of Hazaras in Quetta in early 2013, Zardari dismissed his provincial government in Balochistan. Towards the end of his term, Zardari recorded abysmally low approval ratings, ranging from 11 to 14%. After the PPP was heavily defeated in the 2013 general election, Zardari became the country's first elected president to complete his constitutional term on 8 September 2013.〔(Asif Zardari Returns Home Ahead of Presidential Polls )〕 The Zardari-led PPP continues to form the provincial government in Sindh. ==Early life and education== Zardari was born on 26 July 1955〔 in Karachi, Sindh in the Zardari family. He is a Sindhi of Baloch origin, belonging to the Sindhi-Baloch Zardari tribe.〔 He is the only son of Hakim Ali Zardari, a tribal chief and prominent landowner, and Zarrin Zardari.〔 In his youth, he enjoyed polo and boxing. He led a polo team known as the Zardari Four.〔 His father owned Bambino〔—a famous cinema in Karachi—and donated movie equipment to his school.〔 He also appeared in a movie, ''Salgirah'', as a child artist. Zardari's academic background remains a question mark.〔 He received his primary education from Karachi Grammar School. His official biography says he graduated from Cadet College, Petaro in 1972.〔 He went to St Patrick's High School, Karachi from 1973–74; a school clerk says he failed his final examination there.〔 In March 2008, he claimed he had graduated from the London School of Business Studies with a bachelor of education degree in the early 1970s.〔 Zardari's official biography states he also attended Pedinton School in Britain.〔〔 His British education, however, has not been confirmed, and a search did not turn up any Pedinton School in London.〔〔〔 The issue of his diploma was contentious because a 2002 rule required candidates for Parliament to hold a college degree,〔 but the rule was overturned by Pakistan's Supreme Court in April 2008.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Asif Ali Zardari」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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